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Printed electronic paper identifies its interest in flexible organic electronics and sustainable and clean energy applications because of its straightforward production method, cost‐effectiveness, and positive environmental impact. However, current limitations include restricted material thickness and the use of supporting substrate for printing. Here, 2D and 3D electronic patterned paper are fabricated from direct ink writing (DIW) nanocellulose and PEDOT:PSS‐based materials using syringe deposition and 3D printing. The conductor patterns are integrated in the bulk of the paper, while non‐conductive sections are used as support to form free‐standing paper. The strong interface between the patterns of electronic patterned paper gives mechanical stability for practical handling. The conductive paper‐based electrode has 202 S cm−1 and is capable of handling electric current up to 0.7 A, which can be used for high‐power devices. Printed supercapacitor papers show high specific energy of 4.05 Wh kg−1, specific power of 4615 W kg−1 at 0.06 A g−1, and capacitance retention above 95% after 2000 cycles. The new design structure of electronic patterned papers presents a solution for additive manufacturing of paper‐based composites for supercapacitors, wearable electronics, or sensors for smart packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for achieving sustainable technologies has encouraged research on renewable and biodegradable materials for novel products that are clean, green, and environmentally friendly. Nanocellulose (NC) has many attractive properties such as high mechanical strength and flexibility, large specific surface area, in addition to possessing good wet stability and resistance to tough chemical environments. NC has also been shown to easily integrate with other materials to form composites. By combining it with conductive and electroactive materials, many of the advantageous properties of NC can be transferred to the resulting composites. Conductive polymers, in particular poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have been successfully combined with cellulose derivatives where suspensions of NC particles and colloids of PEDOT:PSS are made to interact at a molecular level. Alternatively, different polymerization techniques have been used to coat the cellulose fibrils. When processed in liquid form, the resulting mixture can be used as a conductive ink. This review outlines the preparation of NC/PEDOT:PSS composites and their fabrication in the form of electronic nanopapers, filaments, and conductive aerogels. We also discuss the molecular interaction between NC and PEDOT:PSS and the factors that affect the bonding properties. Finally, we address their potential applications in energy storage and harvesting, sensors, actuators, and bioelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple covered lagoons are used to treat wastewater from commercial pig farms in Cambodia into biogas. The electricity is generated from biogas using a generator. However, high level of H2S corrodes or breaks down the generator. This study aims to desulfurize biogas with commercial ferrous oxide pellets (Fe2O3). The effects of desulfurization system on biogas production, electricity generation, and CO2 reduction are discussed. The results show that H2S was reduced from 2,000 ppm before treatment to around 50 ppm after treatment. CH4 (57.7 ± 8.76%) and CO2 (24.7 ± 2.67%) contents were not affected by desulfurization. O2 content was changed from 0.3 to 4.8%. High O2 level was a sign of pipe leakage, lowering CH4 and eventually electricity production. The increase of O2 level decreased CH4, thus lowering generator performance. Actual electrical output power produced from biogas was 368.5 ± 29.3 kW, with loading rates of 57.6 ± 4.6% and generator efficiency of 26.8 ± 1.7%. Estimated amounts of 22,818 tCO2equ were reduced by the biogas system. The desulfurization system was highly effective in H2S removal without affecting biogas quality. For the long-term biogas systems in Cambodia, local-made desulfurization systems should be tested and compared with imported products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interphase properties in nanocomposites indicate the interaction between filler and matrix, which is dependent on the preparation method, shape, and size of filler and the chemical interaction between two phases. Local chemical environment in polymer matrix give rise to the different dielectric properties compared to that of bulk material. These properties allow the understanding of their effects on the dielectric properties and glass transition (Tg) of the nanocomposites. In this study, interphase power law model was used to predict the interphase properties based on the experimental dielectric constant of polyimide (PI) with BaTiO3, TiO2, and ZrO2 nanocomposites. They were prepared via in situ polymerization of PI whose dielectric constant were increased at interphase filler volume fraction of BaTiO3, TiO2, and ZrO2 at 3.8, 2.05, and 1.7, respectively. These results indicate that PI/ceramics nanocomposites had poor dispersion and weak interphase interaction between the filler and the matrix, as an evidence of scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results. However, PI incorporated with high aspect ratio of BaTiO3 nanofiber shows better dispersion than nanocomposites of TiO2 and ZrO2 filled PI; therefore provide higher dielectric constant and Tg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is the main staple crop, followed by cassava and corn in Cambodia. Annually, million tons of these crops are produced with the particularly need is its grain or root. After harvesting, these crop residues are usually collected for various purposes. Some of them are burned (the easiest option for farmers), which leads to loss nutrients and air and environmental pollution. However, it is limited report on these crop wastes production and utilization, and the crop residues management remain a challenge in Cambodia. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess to what extent that crop residues are available for further processing in Cambodia manufacture. Two hundred eighty eight key informers, were selected purposively to be interviewed through structure-questionnaire interview. The results showed that the crop residues were produced annually approximately 8.6, 0.9, and 2.9 million ton for rice, corn and cassava, respectively. The rice straw was collected for supplementary feed to cattle, vegetable mulch-based and mushroom production. The cassava stem was collected for next year planting and selling to other farmers. In term of quantity, the crop residues collection was just to meet the household's utilizations and the remaining are burned. For better crop waste management and practice, other alternative uses, for instance development of packaging products, construction materials, paper and renewable energy such as biogas and bio-energy using these residues, will change the open-field option and add value chains to the farm owners and rural people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates the significant interphase region of polyimide/titanium dioxide nanofiber nanocomposite. Interphase characteristics of nanocomposites were calculated using Interphase Power Model. It revealed that the interphase volume fraction and interphase dielectric constant were proportionately increased with filler loading at least up to 20%. The increasing trend of interphase dielectric constant signifies a loosely bounded polymeric chain onto the filler surfaces giving the interphase volume constant k as 2.05. However, the ratio of interphase volume to that of the filler volume progressively decreased which was attributed to the effect of agglomeration of filler and percolation of overlapping interphase region to yield an average interphase thickness of 81 ± 10 nm. By designing the complex function of interfacial interaction through the surface activity between the filler and matrix, the interphase region can be appropriately monitored in understanding its effects on glass transition and dielectric constant of the nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, flexible, lightweight, and strong conductive nanopapers based on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and/or polypyrrole (PPy) were prepared by following a mixing and in situ chemical polymerization method. A successful homogeneous coating of PEDOT:PSS on cellulose nanofibers occurred by means hydrogen-bonding interactions between the hydroxyl functionalized CNF and the electronically charged PEDOT:PSS, as shown by FTIR spectra. The electrical conductivity and the specific capacitance of CNF-PEDOT:PSS nanopapers were 2.58 S cm −1 and 6.21 F g −1 , respectively. Further coating of PPy produced a substantial improvement on the electrical conductivity (10.55 S cm −1 ) and the specific capacitance (315.5 F g −1 ) of the resulting CNF-PEDOT:PSS-PPy nanopaper. A synergistic phenomenon between both conductive polymers supported the high electrical conductivity and specific capacitance of the ternary formulation. Moreover, CNF-PEDOT:PSS-PPy nanopaper showed higher mechanical properties and it was more flexible than the nanopaper containing only polypyrrole conducting polymer (CNF-PPy). It is concluded that the good mechanical, electrical and electrochemical properties of the ternary formulation can apply for smart nanopaper in flexible electronics and energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]